Assignment: Choose a paper using indirect gradient analysis, and present it to the class during the field trip. Work in groups if possible. Make 10 copies of the citation, plus whatever diagram(s) you wish to discuss. Mention why the authors are using the techniques, and how they are interpreting the results.

Indirect gradient analysis includes PCA, Polar ordination, MDS, NMDS, CA, Reciprocal Averaging, and DCA.

You can choose any published paper you like as long as:
    The analysis is a true gradient analysis of ecological communities
    The variables are species abundances (or presence/absence)
    You do not personally know any of the authors.

It would be much better if you chose a case study, rather than a methodological paper.

The following might help. 

References Using indirect gradient analysis

Abrahamson, W. G., and C. R. Abrahamson. 1996. Effects of fire on long-unburned Florida uplands. J. Veg. Sci. 7:565-74

Abrahamson, W. G., and J. R. Abrahamson. 1996. Effects of a low-intensity winter fire on long-unburned Florida sand pine scrub. Nat. Areas J. 16:171-83

Acosta, A., S. D¡az, and M. Cabido. 1991. Patch structure in natural grasslands of Cordoba Mountains (Argenine) in relation to different rock substrates. Coenoses 6:21-7

Aizen, M. A., and P. Feinsinger. 1994. Habitat fragmentation, native insect pollinators, and feral honey bees in Argentine "Chaco Serrano". Ecol. Appl. 4:378-92

Allen, R. B., J. B. Wilson, and C. R. Mason. 1995. Vegetation change following exclusion of grazing animals in depleted grassland, Central Otago, New Zealand. J. Veg. Sci. 6:615-26

Anderson, N. J. 1989. A whole-basin diatom accumulation rate for a small eutrophic lake in northern Ireland and its palaeoecological implications. J. Ecol. 77:926-46

Anderson, N. J. J., T. Korsman, and I. Renberg. 1994. Spatial heterogeneity of diatom stratigraphy in varved and non-varved sediments of a small, boreal-forest lake. Aquatic Sciences 56:40-58

Andersson, P. 1988. Ordination and classification of operational geographic units in Southwest Sweden. Vegetatio 74:95-106

Andersson, T. N., and P. Milberg. 1996. Weed performance in crop rotations with and without leys and at different nitrogen levels. Annals of Applied Biology 128:505-18

Andersson, T. N., and P. Milberg. 1998. Weed flora and the relative importance of site, crop, crop rotation, and nitrogen. Weed Science 46:30-8

Andersson, T. N., and P. Milberg. in press. Weed flora on arable land: the relative importance of site, crop spcies, crop rotation, and nitrogen application.

Angermeier, P. L., and M. R. Winston. 1999. Characterizing fish community diversity across Virginia landscapes: prerequisite for conservation. Ecol. Appl. 9:335-49

Antonic, O., and A. Z. Lovric. 1996. Numerical analysis of vegetation complexes and community diversity of major coastal Dinaric mountains. J. Veg. Sci. 7:73-80

Aplet, G. H., R. F. Hughes, and P. M. Vitousek. 1998. Ecosystem development on Hawaiian lava flows: biomass and species composition. J. Veg. Sci. 9:17-26

Arnold, G. W., and J. R. Weeldenburg. 1990. Factors determining the number and species of birds in road verges in the wheatbelt of Western Australia. Biol. Cons. 53:295-315

Auble, G. T., J. M. Friedman, and M. L. Scott. 1994. Relating riparian vegetation to present and future streamflows. Ecol. Appl. 4:544-54

Ault, T. R., and C. R. Johnson. 1998. Spatially and temporally predictable fish communities on coral reefs. Ecol. Mon. 68:25-50

Back‚us, I. 1993. Ecotone versus ecocline: vegetation zonation and dynamics around a small reservoir in Tanzania. J. Biogeogr. 20:209-18

Back‚us, I., Z. K. Rulangaranga, and J. Skoglund. 1994. Vegetation changes on formerly overgrazed hill slopes in semi-arid central Tanzania. J. Veg. Sci. 5:327-36

Barton, A. W. 1994. Gradient analysis of relationships among fire, environment, and vegetation in a southwestern USA mountain range. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 121:251-65

Battaglia, L. L., J. R. Keough, and D. W. Pritchett. 1995. Early secondary succession in a southeastern U.S. alluvial floodplain. J. Veg. Sci. 6:769-76

Beals, E. W. 1984. Bray-Curtis ordination: an effective strategy for analysis of multivariate ecological data. Adv. Ecol. Res. 14:1-55

Becker, M., M. Bonneau, and F. Le Tacon. 1992. Long-term vegetation changes in an Abies alba forest: natural development compared with response to fertilization. J. Veg. Sci. 3:467-74

Belbin, L. 1991. Semi-strong hybrid scaling, a new ordination algorithm. J. Veg. Sci. 2:491-6

Belcher, J. W., P. A. Keddy, and P. M. Catling. 1992. Alvar vegetation in Canada: a multivariate description at two scales. Can. J. Bot. 70:1279-91

Belshaw, R., and B. Bolton. 1993. The effect of forest disturbance on the leaf litter ant fauna in Ghana. Biodivers. Conserv. 2:656-66

Bendix, J. 1999. Stream power influence on southern California riparian vegetation. J. Veg. Sci. 10:243-52

Bergman, D. J., and S. J. Chaplin. 1992. Correlates of species composition of grasshopper (Orthoptera: acrididae) communities on Ozark cedar glades. Southw. Nat. 37:362-71

Bestelmeyer, B. T., and J. A. Weins. 1996. The effects of land use on the structure of ground-foraging ant communities in the Argentine Chaco. Ecol. Appl. 6:1225-40

Birks, H. J. B. 1985. Recent and possible future mathematical developments in quantitative palaeoecology. Palaeogeog. Palaeoclim. Palaeoecol. 50:107-47

Birks, H. J. B. 1987. Multivariate analysis in geology and geochemistry: an introduction. Chem. Intell. Lab. Syst. 2:15-28

Birks, H. J. B., and J. Deacon. 1973. A numerical analysis of the past and present flora of the British Isles. New Phytol. 72:877-902

Blackstock, T. H., D. P. Stevens, P. A. Stevens, C. P. Mockridge, and M. J. M. Yeo. 1998. Edaphic relationships among Cirsio-Molinietum and related wet grassland communities in lowland Wales. J. Veg. Sci. 9:431-44

Boerner, R. E. J., and D.-S. Cho. 1987. Structure and composition of Goll Woods, an old-growth forest remnant in northwestern Ohio. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 114:173-9

Boj¢rquez-Tapia, L. A., I. Azuara, E. Ezcurra, and O. Flores-Villela. 1995. Identifying conservation priorities in Mexico through geographic information systems and modelling. Ecol. Appl. 5:215-31

Bolognini, G., and P. L. Nimis. 1993. Phytogeography of Italian deciduous oak woods based on numerical classification of plant distribution ranges. J. Veg. Sci. 4:847-60

Boren, J. C., D. M. Engle, M. W. Palmer, and R. E. Masters. submitted. Effects of land use change on breeding bird community structure in a forest-grassland ecotone. J. Wildl. Man.

Boulton, A. J., C. G. Peterson, N. B. Grimm, and S. G. Fisher. 1992. Stability of an aquatic macroinvertebrate community in a multiyear hydrologic disturbance regime. Ecology 73:2192-207

Bowles, M., J. McBride, N. Stoynoff, and K. Johnson. 1996. Temporal changes in vegetation composition and structure in a fire-managed prairie fen. Nat. Areas J. 16:275-88

Bowman, D. M. J. S., and P. R. Minchin. 1987. Environmental relationships of woody vegetation patterns in the Australian monsoon tropics. Austral. J. Bot. 35:151-69

Bradfield, G. E., and N. C. Kenkel. 1987. Nonlinear ordination using flexible shortest path adjustment of ecological distances. Ecology 68:750-3

Brower, J. C., S. A. Millendorf, and T. S. Dyman. 1978. Methods for the quantification of assemblage zones based on multivariate analysis of weighted and unweighted data. Comp. Geosci. 4:221-7

Brown, A., H. J. B. Birks, and D. B. A. Thompson. 1993. A new biogeographical classification of the Scottish uplands. II. Vegetation-environment relationships. J. Ecol. 81:231-51

Brown, D. 1992. Estimating the composition of a forest seed bank: a comparison of the seed extraction and seedling emergence methods. Can. J. Bot. 70:1603-12

Brunet, J., U. Falkengren-Grerup, . Rhling, and G. Tyler. 1997. Regional differences in floristic change in south Swedish oak forests as related to soil chemistry and land use. J. Veg. Sci. 8:329-36

Bubier, J. L. 1995. The relationship of vegetation to methane emission and hydrochemical gradients in northern peatlands. J. Ecol. 83:403-20

Burel, F. 1992. Effect of landscape structure and dynamics on species diversity in hedgerow networks. Landscape Ecol. 6:161-74

Burke, A. 1997. The impact of large herbivores on floral composition and vegetation structure in the Naukluft Mountains, Namibia. Biodivers. Conserv. 6:1203-17

Burns, B. R. 1995. Environmental correlates of species richness at Waipoua Forest Sanctuary, New Zealand. N. Z. J. Ecol. 19:153-62

Burton, A. J., C. W. Ramm, K. S. Pregitzer, and D. D. Reed. 1991. Use of multivariate methods in forest research site selection. Can. J. For. Res. 21:1573-80

Busch, D. E. 1995. Effects of fire on southwestern riparian plant community structure. Southw. Nat. 40:259-67

Busch, D. E., and S. D. Smith. 1995. Mechanisms associated with decline of woody species in riparian ecosystems of the southwestern US. Ecol. Mon. 65:347-70

Bush, M. B. 1988. The use of multivariate analysis and modern analogue sites as an aid to the interpretation of data from fossil mollusc assemblages. J. Biogeogr. 15:849-61

Bush, M. B. 1993. An 11400 year paleoecological history of a British chalk grassland. J. Veg. Sci. 4:47-66

Callaway, R. M., and F. W. Davis. 1998. Recruitment of Quercus agrifolia in central California: the importance of shrub-dominated patches. J. Veg. Sci. 9:647-56

Campbell, J. J. N. 1987. Gradients of Tree Species Composition in the central hardwood region. Pages 325-342 in R.L. Hay, F.W. Woods and H. DeSelm. proceedings of the Central Hardwood Forest Conference VI. Knoxville, Tennessee.

Cao, Y., W. P. Williams, and A. W. Bark. 1997. Similarity measure bias in river benthic Aufwuchs community analysis. Water Environment Research 69:95-106

Carleton, T. J. 1984. Residual ordination analysis: a method for exploring vegetation-environment relationships. Ecology 65:469-77

Carleton, T. J. 1990. Variation in terricolous bryophyte and macrolichen vegetation along primary gradients in Canadian boreal forests. J. Veg. Sci. 1:585-94

Carleton, T. J., P. F. Maycock, R. Arnup, and A. M. Gordon. 1996a. In situ regeneration of Pinus strobus and Pinus resinosa in the Great Lakes forest communities of Canada. J. Veg. Sci. 7:431-44

Carleton, T. J., R. H. Stitt, and J. Nieppola. 1996b. Constrained indicator species analysis (COINSPAN): an extension of TWINSPAN. J. Veg. Sci. 7:125-30

Causton, D. R. 1988. An introduction to vegetation analysis. Unwin Hyman, London.

Charles, D. F. 1985. Relationships between surface sediment diatom assemblages and lakewater characteristics in Adirondack lakes. Ecology 66:994-1011

Chessel, D., J. D. LeBreton, and N. Yoccoz. 1987. Propri‚t‚s de l'analyse canonique des correspondances: une illustration en hydrobiologie. Rev. Statist. Appliq. 35:55-72

Chiarucci, A., J. B. Wilson, B. J. Anderson, and V. De Dominicis. 1999. Cover versus biomas as an estimate of species abundance: does it make a difference to the conclusions? J. Veg. Sci. 10:35-42

Cho, D.-S., and R. E. J. Boerner. 1991. Structure, dynamics and composition of Sears Woods and Carmean Woods State Nature Preserves, North-Central Ohio. Castanea 56:77-89

Choi, Y. D., and N. B. Pavlovic. 1998. Experimental restoration of native vegetation in Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore. Restor. Ecol. 6:118-29

Choi, Y. D., and M. K. Wali. 1995. The role of Panicum virgatum (switch grass) in the revegetation of iron-mine tailings in northern New York. Restor. Ecol. 3:123-32

Christie, C. E., J. P. Smol, P. Huttunen, and J. Meril„inen. 1988. Chrysophyte scales recorded in lake sediments form eastern Finland. Hydrobiol. 161:237-43

Clark, J. S. 1986. Dynamism in the barrier-beach vegetation of Great South Beach, New York. Ecol. Mon. 56:97-126

Clarke, K. R., and M. Ainsworth. 1993. A method of linking multivariate community structure to environmental variables. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 92:205-19

Closs, G. P., and P. S. Lake. 1994. Spatial and temporal variation in the structure of an intermittent-stream food web. Ecol. Mon. 64:1-21

Cole, A. M., and S. A. Ware. 1997. Forest vegetation, edpahic factors, and successional direction in the central piedmont of Virginia. Castanea 62:100-11

Collins, S. L. 1983a. Geographic variation in habitat structure for the wood warblers in Maine and Minnesota. Oecol. 59:236-52

Collins, S. L. 1983b. Geographic variation in habitat structure of the black-throated green warbler (Dendroica virens). Auk 100:382-9

Collins, S. L. 1990. Patterns of community structure during succession in tallgrass prairie. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 117:397-408

Collins, S. L., J. A. Bradford, and P. L. Sims. 1987. Succession and fluctuation in Artemisia dominated grassland. Vegetatio 73:89-99

Collins, S. L., G. S. Mitchell, and S. C. Klahr. 1989. Vegetation-environment relationships in a rock outcrop community in southern Oklahoma. Am. Midl. Nat. 122:339-48

Colwell, M. A., and S. L. Dodd. 1995. Waterbird communities and habitat relationships in coastal pastures of northern California. Cons. Bio. 9:827-34

Cooper, A. 1997. Plant species coexistence in cliff habitats. J. Biogeogr. 24:483-94

Cornelius, J. M., P. R. Kemp, J. A. Ludwig, and G. L. Cunningham. 1991. The distribution of vascular plant species and guilds in space and time. J. Veg. Sci. 2:59-72

Cottrell, T. R. 1996. Use of plant strategy ordination, DCA and ANOVA to elucidate relationships among habitats of Salix planifolia and Salix monticola. J. Veg. Sci. 7:237-346

Dahl, B., and H. Blanck. 1996. Pollution-induced community tolerance (PICT) in periphyton communities established under tri-n-butyltin (TBT) stress in marine microcosms. Aquat. Toxicol. 34:305-25

Dale, E. E., and S. Ware. 1999. Analysis of oak-hickory-pine forests of Hot Springs National Park in the Ouachita Mountains, Arkansas. Castanea 64:163-74

Dale, M. B. 1995. Evaluating classification strategies. J. Veg. Sci. 6:437-40

Dalling, J. W., and J. S. Denslow. 1998. Soil seed bank composition along a forest chronosequence in seasonally moist tropical forest, Panama. J. Veg. Sci. 9:669-78

Daniels, F. J. A. 1990. Changes in dry grassland after cutting of Scots pine in inland dunes near Kootwijk, the Netherlands. Pages 215-235 in F. Krahulec, A. D. Q. Agnew, S. Agnew and H. J. Willems, editors. Spatial processes in plant communities. Academia, Prague.

Dargie, T. C. D., and M. A. El Demerdash. 1991. A quantitative study of vegetation-environment relationships in two Egyptian deserts. J. Veg. Sci. 2:3-10

Day, R. T., P. A. Keddy, and J. McNeill. 1988. Fertility and disturbance gradients: a summary model for riverine marsh vegetation. Ecology 69:1044-54

Deall, G. B., and G. K. Theron. 1990. Ordination as a tool for substantiating and interpreting floristic classifications: a case study. Bothalia 20:223-7

de Blois, S., and A. Bouchard. 1995. Dynamics of Thuja occidentalis in an agricultural landscape of southern Quebec. J. Veg. Sci. 6:531-42

Debussche, M., J. Escarr‚, J. Lepart, C. Houssard, and S. Lavorel. 1996. Changes in Mediterranean plant succession: old-fields revisited. J. Veg. Sci. 7:519-26

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De Grandpr‚, L., D. Gagnon, and Y. Bergeron. 1993. Changes in the understory of Canadian southern boreal forest after fire. J. Veg. Sci. 4:803-10

Deharveng, L., and S. Lek. 1995. High diversity and community permeability: the riparian Collembola (Insecta) of a Pyrenean massif. Hydrobiol. 312:59-74

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DeMars, B. G. 1994. Star-of-Bethlehem, Ornithogallum umbellatum L. (Liliaceae): an invasive, naturalized plant in woodlands of Ohio. Nat. Areas J. 14:306-7

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D¡az, S., and A. Acosta. 1989. Floristic and diversity changes in the phanerophytic vegetation of Copacabana watershed (Central Argentina) as a response to disturbance. Coenoses 4:107-11

D¡az, S., A. Acosta, and M. Cabido. 1992. Morphological analysis of herbaceous communities under different grazing regimes. J. Veg. Sci. 3:689-96

D¡az, S., A. Acosta, and M. Cabido. 1994. Community structure in montane grasslands of central Argentina in relation to land use. J. Veg. Sci. 5:483-8

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Dol‚dec, S., D. Chessel, C. J. F. ter Braak, and S. Champley. 1996. Matching species traits to environmental variables: a new three-table ordination method. Environmental and Ecological Statistics 3:143-66

Dollar, K. E., S. G. Palladry, and H. G. Garrett. 1992. Composition and environment of floodplain forests of northern Missouri. Can. J. For. Res. 22:1343-50

Donfack, P., C. Floret, and R. Pontanier. 1995. Secondary succession in abandoned fields of dry tropical Northern Cameroon. J. Veg. Sci. 6:499-508

Downes, B. J., P. S. Lake, E. S. G. Schreiber, and A. Glaister. 1998. Habitat structure and regulation of local species diversity in a stony, upland stream. Ecol. Mon. 68:237-57

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Dupr‚, C., and M. Diekmann. 1998. Prediction of occurrence of vascular plants in deciduous forests of south Sweden by means of Ellenberg indicator values. Appl. Veg. Sci. 1:139-50

Dyer, J. M., and P. R. Baird. 1997. Remnant forest stands at a prairie ecotone site: presettlement history and comparison with other maple-basswood stands. Physical Geography 18:146-59

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Dzwonko, Z., and J. Korna'. 1994. Patterns of species richness and distribution of pteridophytes in Rwanda (Central Africa): a numerical approach. J. Biogeogr. 21:491-501

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Ejrn's, R., and H. H. Bruun. 1995. Prediction of grassland quality for environmental management. J. Env. Manage. 41:171-83

El-Demerdash, M. A. 1996. The vegetation of the Farasan Islands, Red Sea, Saudi Arabia. J. Veg. Sci. 7:81-8

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Ezcurra, E. 1987. A comparison of reciprocal averaging and non-centered principal components analysis. Vegetatio 71:41-7

Faith, D. P. 1989. Benthic macroinvertebrates in biological surveillance: monte carlo significance tests on functional groups' responses to environmental gradients. Environ. Mon. Assess. 13:???

Faith, D. P., P. R. Minchin, and L. Belbin. 1987. Compositional dissimilarity as a robust measure of ecological distance. Vegetatio 69:57-68

Fensham, R. J., J. E. Holman, and M. J. Cox. 1999. Plant species responses along a grazing disturbance gradient in Australian grassland. J. Veg. Sci. 10:77-86

Feoli, E., and L. Orl¢ci. 1992. Thre properties and interpretation of observations in vegetation study. Coenoses 6:61-70

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Ferreira, L. V., and G. T. Prance. 1998. Structure and species richness of low-diversity floodplain forest on the Rio Tapaj¢s, Eastern Amazonia, Brazil. Biodivers. Conserv. 7:585-96

Ferreyra, M., A. Cingolani, C. Ezcurra, and D. Bran. 1998. High-Andean vegetation and environmental gradients in northwestern Patagonia, Argentina. J. Veg. Sci. 9:307-16

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Foster, D. R., and T. M. Zebryk. 1993. Long-term vegetation dynamics and disturbance history of a Tsuga-dominated forest in New England. Ecology 74:982-98

Foster, D. R., T. Zebryk, P. Schoonmaker, and A. Lezberg. 1992. Post-settlement history of human land-use and vegetation dynamics of a Tsuga canadensis (hemlock) woodlot in central New England. J. Ecol. 80:773-86

Franklin, J., and M. Merlin. 1992. Species-environment patterns of forest vegetation on the uplifted reef limestone of Atiu, Mangaia, Ma'uke and Miti'aro, Cook Islands. J. Veg. Sci. 3:3-14

Franklin, J., D. D. Drake, L. A. Bolick, D. S. Smith, and T. J. Motley. 1999. Rain forest composition and patterns of secondary succession in the Vava'u Island group, Tonga. J. Veg. Sci. 10:51-64

Franklin, S. B., P. A. Robertson, J. S. Fralish, and S. M. Ketler. 1993. Overstory vegetation and successional trends of Land Between the Lakes, USA. J. Veg. Sci. 4:509-20

Friedel, M. H., G. Pickup, and D. J. Nelson. 1993. The interpretation of vegetation change in a spatially and temporally diverse arid Australian landscape. J. Arid Envir. 24:241-60

Fuhlendorf, S. D., and F. E. Smeins. 1997. Long-term vegetation dynamics mediated by herbivores, weather and fire in a Juniperus-Quercus savanna. J. Veg. Sci. 8:819-28

Fulton, M. R. 1991. Simulation modelling of the effects of site conditions and disturbance history on a boreal forest landscape. J. Veg. Sci. 2:603-12

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Gardner, S. M., M. R. Cabido, G. R. Valladares, and S. Diaz. 1995. The influence of habitat structure on arthropod diversity in Argentine semi-arid Chaco forest. J. Veg. Sci. 6:349-56

Garono, R. J., R. T. Heath, and S.-J. Hwang. 1996. Detrended correspondence analysis of phytoplankton abundance and distribution in Sandusky Bay and Lake Erie. J. Great Lakes Res. 22:818-29

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Gasse, F., B. Stabell, E. Fourtanier, and Y. van Iperen. 1989. Freshwater diatom influx in intertropical Atlantic sediments: relationships with continental records from Africa. Quat. Res. 32:229-43

Gauch, H. G. J., R. H. Whittaker, and T. R. Wentworth. 1977. A comparative study of reciprocal averaging and other ordination techniques. J. Ecol. 65:157-74

Gauch, H. G., Jr. 1982. Noise reduction by eigenvalue ordinations. Ecology 63:1643-9

Gerdol, R. 1995. Community and species-performance patterns along an alpine poor-rich mire gradient. J. Veg. Sci. 6:175-82

Gibson, D. J. 1992. Vegetation-environment relationships in a southern mixed hardwood forest. Castanea 57:174-89

Gibson, R. S., and O. J. H. Bosch. 1996. Indicator species for the interpretation of vegetation condition in the St. Bathans Area, Central Otago, New Zealand. N. Z. J. Ecol. 20:163-72

Gillet, F., and J.-D. Gallandat. 1996. Integrated synusial phytosociology: some notes on a new, multiscalar approach to vegetation analysis. J. Veg. Sci. 7:13-8

Gilliam, F. S., N. L. Turrill, and M. B. Adams. 1995. Herbaceous-layer and overstory species in clear-cut and mature central Appalachian hardwood forests. Ecol. Appl. 5:947-55

Gimaret-Carpentier, C., D. Chessel, and J.-P. Pascal. 1998. Non-symmetric correspondence analysis: an alternative for species occurrences data. Plant Ecol. 138:97-112

Girard, M. M., H. Goetz, and A. J. Bjugstad. 1989. Native woodland habitat types of southwestern North Dakota. U.S. For. Serv. Res. Pap. RM-281:1-36

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